A program can be split into three very simple pieces; model, view, and update. We'll start with the model. This contains the state of the program.

-- Model

type alias Model =
    { presentCounter : Int }

The state of the program is currently represented by one property, a counter of how many gifts someone has received that is represented by an Int type. The Model is represented by what is called a record, and is a central store for all the data we use to represent our application with. The `Model` will at all times contain the most recent data that we want to use in our program. So if a user has clicked something that changes the state of our program this should create a new state which will be the current state of the program.

So how is the model updated? That's where the update function comes in. The update function takes in the current Model and a Msg that describes how the Model should change, and returns the new Model`

-- UPDATE
type Msg
    = ReceivePresent

update : Msg -> Model -> ( Model, Cmd Msg )
update msg model =
    case msg of
        ReceivePresent ->
            ( { model | presentCounter = model.presentCounter + 1 }, Cmd.none )

As we can see from the signature of the `update` function it takes a Msg, and the Model, the state of the program. The Msg defines what is to be updated, and is a type that is a collection of all the different ways we can update the Model. Our central state is then updated in accordance with how update handles the specific Msg that is received, and the new state is outputted as part of the tuple ( Model, Cmd Msg).

The second part of the tuple that is returned is the Cmd Msg, which can seem a little cryptical at first. To be able to do operations separate from elm's "model, view, update" lifecycle we need to use commands depicted as the type Cmd. These commands will be operations like changing the url path, or fetching some data from an API. As we can see the type Cmd also takes a msg, which represents an arbitrary message. Notice that `msg` and `Msg` are different, `msg` (with first letter lower cased) represents any arbitrary type, while `Msg` (with first letter upper cased) represents an actual type, in this case defined by us. In our case we have defined this as Msg which is the type of messages that can update our Model in the update function. This Msg part of Cmd Msg is an important element of understanding commands in elm as this is a way of saying "do this command, and give it back to my update function". The program then proceeds to update the Model in the way that `update` is defined to handle that specific `Msg` that is provided to the `Cmd` type.

The last element in the MVU, is the view. This is where the html is defined, where we decide how we want the page to look, and how the various html elements should be arranged.

-- VIEW

view : Model -> Html Msg
view model =
    Html.div [] []

If we didn't have any elements to interact with, or didn't need anything to change in our application, then we would not need to pay attention to the other two elements in the MVU architecture. Like most applications we do want to build a webpage that changes as the user interacts with elements in our application.

We can see from the definition of the view function that it receives a parameter of the Model type which we have learned is the state of our program. The view will use the data we have chosen that resides in the Model to represent the application correctly. This will always be the newest version of the state, so whenever a Msg type is dispatched to the update function, this Msg will proceed to update the Model and the view will be rendered with the newly updated Model.

The return type of the view function is also interesting. This is Html Msg where Html is the core building block of html code. Msg is what we would like to happen when the user interacts with our `Html. For instance, what Msg should be sent to the update function when a specific button is pressed

As an example, let's see how a view that allows the user to update their gift-receiving counter would look like.

view : Model -> Html Msg
view model =
    Html.button
        [ Events.onClick ReceivePresent ]
        [ Html.text "Number of gifts received: " ++ (String.fromInt model.presentCounter) ]

When the button is pressed, the Msg ReceivePresent will be dispatched to the update function. This updated the model, which then causes the view to be refreshed with the new state.