In programming languages where you don't have currying, you'll get a compiler error if you do not provide all the arguments to a function. As you've just learned yesterday, however, currying will instead return a new function if you provide a subset of its arguments. Such a function is known as a partially applied function.

Let's see a simple example.

We all want hard presents for christmas, lets write a function to check that a present is hard using currying. We will use the function String.contains from the Elm core library. This is it's type signature👇

contains : String -> String -> Bool

It takes two Strings, checking to see if the first String´ is part of the secondString, then returning a Bool of True or False. Here we can make use of partial application to see if a present is hard or soft by making a function that receives the description of a present.

isHardPresent : String -> Bool
isHardPresent =
    String.contains "hard"

We partially apply the String.contains function to write a function to check if a present is desirable or not. The second String will be supplied to the String.contains function where the isHardPresent function is used.

isHardPresent “A sweather from grandma, soft”
 -- False
isHardPresent “A playstation 5 game, hard”
 -- True

Simply supply the description of the present and the function will tell you if the present is worth buying. If we want to be a little more effective when christmas shopping, we can do this operation with lists of presents by using the function List.filter.

filter : (a -> Bool) -> List a -> List a

The filter function takes a predicate and a list. It then only keeps elements that satisfy this predicate.

filterHardPresents : List String -> List String
filterHardPresents =
  List.filter isHardPresent

We only supply the predicate argument to the List.filter function here, and can now use this function on all our lists of presents. As you can see, partial application can be used in a number of useful ways! And just like that you have good present/bad present filter function ready to accompany you when christmas shopping🎅

filterHardPresents [ "Soft sweather from grandma", "Hard playstation game", "Hard fun toy", "Soft pillow", "Useless soft clothes" ]
> [ "Hard playstation game", "Hard fun toy" ]