What is Hoisting

Hoisting is something that happens during the compilation stage of the JavaScript code. Just before the code is executed the compiler scans for all variable and function declarations and allocates them in the memory. As a result, when the code is executed all variable and function declarations will be accessible at the beginning of its current scope regardless of when it was declared in the source code. This creates an illusion that make it seems like the source code has changed and that all the variable and function declarations has been moved to the top of their current scope.

Var

Let’s take a look at an example of how variables declared using var are hoisted. Consider the following code, what do you think the output will be?

console.log(movie);
var movie = “Bølgen”;

If you guessed undefined you’re absolutely right. But why did we get this result? As previously mentioned, during the compilation stage the variable declaration is added to the memory, but this is only true for the variable declaration and not the actual value assignment. The compiler will only process the declaration and then automatically initialize it to undefined. The assignment of the actual value is not changed and still happens where it was declared. If we were to illustrate this using code it would look something like this:

var movie;                  // Initialized to undefined
console.log(movie);
movie = “Bølgen”;           // Assign the value

Let and const

Let’s build upon the previous example. If we substitute var with let, what do you think the output will be?

console.log(movie);
let movie = “Bølgen”;

If you guessed ReferenceError you’re right again! While let and const gets hoisted just like var there is a small difference in how they are initialized. Instead of being initialized to undefined like in the case of var, let and const remains uninitialized and does not get assigned a value before the declaration. The space between where the variable is created and assigned a value is often referred to as the Temporal Dead Zone. If we try to access the variable inside this space, we will get a ReferenceError.

let movie;                  // Not automatically assigned a value
console.log(movie);         // Temporal Dead Zone
movie = “Bølgen”;           // Assign the value

Functions

Like a regular variable declarations functions are also hoisted. During the compilation stage the function declaration is read and allocated in the memory. This makes it possible to access the function before it is declared in the source code.

printMyFavoriteMovie(); // Prints out "Bølgen"
function printMyFavoriteMovie() {
  console.log("Bølgen");
}

When using function expression, we can expect the same behavior as hoisted variables. In the example below, we try to store a function inside a var. As we know by now, when var are hoisted they get initialized to undefined. If we try to access the function before it is declared, we will get TypeError: printMyFavoriteMovie is not a function because it is undefined and not a function.

printMyFavoriteMovie(); // TypeError: printMyFavoriteMovie is not a function

var printMyFavoriteMovie = function printMovie() {
  console.log("Bølgen");
};

Pitfalls to look out for

• Always make variable and function declarations at the top to avoid confusion.
• Use let and const instead of var to avoid running into unexpected errors.